FAQ

No! I want this site to be a resource for all SDR patients and their families, and Dr. Park retired in 2024. That said, you’ll notice that much of the information on this site is geared toward Dr. Park’s SDR protocol and St. Louis. I’m not affiliated with the St. Louis hospitals or Dr. Park (except as patient). But here’s why this site focuses a lot on St. Louis:

1. Dr. Park is widely considered the world expert on SDR. SDR can be (and is often) successful with other surgeons, but the technique (and therefore, the outcomes) vary so much from surgeon to surgeon. It’s not fair to compare Dr. Park’s SDR with an SDR done by an inexperienced surgeon or a surgeon who only cuts 20 percent of the nerve rootlets. Even surgeons who say they use “Dr. Park’s technique” can’t possibly perform SDR in the exact same way because it’s such a nuanced surgery. Again, that doesn’t mean that SDR was only successful for Dr. Park’s patients; there are many talented SDR surgeons. But you need to be careful in your selection.

2. Dr. Park performed SDR on more than 5,000 patients over his 30+ years as an SDR surgeon, and he published a wide body of research and statistics about his specific version of the procedure. He was also very active in the SDR community. To my knowledge, no other surgeon in the world has published as much SDR research or has done nearly as many SDRs, so it’s more difficult to find detailed information about other centers.

3. Dr. Park did my SDR, and he was the SDR surgeon for the majority of the SDR families/patients I’m familiar with. As a result, I have the most information about his center. Furthermore, more families go to St. Louis for SDR than any other city, so I thought gearing this site toward St. Louis would maximize the number of people I could help.

Please see the How to Apply tab.

Adults can receive SDR too. Before his retirement, Dr. Park operated on over 150 adults ages 18 to 50 with cerebral palsy and its genetic equivalent, hereditary spastic paraplegia (as well as 5,000+ patients overall). Unfortunately, at the time of this writing (2024), St. Louis’s adult hospital (Barnes-Jewish) is no longer accepting adult SDR patients, so only patients under age 26 can receive SDR in St. Louis (through St. Louis Children’s Hospital). There is hope that this will change again someday, and you can request to be put on a list to be contacted if it does. 

Other surgeons throughout the country and the world have also started doing SDR on adults. Note that the recovery tends to be more difficult for adults, and there are more risks, especially for adults toward the end of that age range (some experience long-term nerve issues, for example). You need to do your research and decide if SDR is best for you, and it is important to manage expectations according to your individual situation. But I encourage you to explore your options and seriously consider SDR even if you’re an adult with CP. SDR was life-changing for me and many others!

Also, if you’re an adult (18+) who is seriously considering SDR, feel free to contact me about joining a private SDR adult support group.

Yes—it matters completely! SDR is a very nuanced surgery and no surgeon performs it exactly like another.

Some surgeons cut a lower percentage of nerves—I’ve seen as low as 20 percent—aiming to leave some spasticity behind. (In my opinion, this is problematic, because spasticity can cause physical deterioration over time, and SDR cannot be repeated to cut additional nerve rootlets if needed.)

Another difference is the type of SDR procedure that surgeons perform. Some surgeons perform an older version of the procedure called a multi-level laminectomy. This version of SDR is much more invasive because it requires removing many pieces of vertebrae from the back; the recovery process is longer for multi-level SDR, and studies have found that it can lead to a higher risk of back deformities like spinal curvature (scoliosis).

Prior to his retirement, many people opted to go to Dr. Park in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, because he is widely considered to be the world’s expert on SDR. Dr. Park invented the single-level, minimally invasive form of SDR, which only requires removing one piece of bone and has not been shown to increase the risk of spinal deformities. His success rate was extremely high, and he performed more than 5,000 SDR surgeries from the 1980s through May 2024. Dr. Park aimed to eliminate spasticity and typically cut about two-thirds (66 percent) of the sensory nerve rootlets leading to the lower body. Dr. Jarod Roland is his successor and trained alongside Dr. Park in St. Louis.

Some families choose to pursue SDR elsewhere. Many are happy with their results, and there are many talented SDR surgeons throughout the US and the world. But done incorrectly, SDR can have very serious consequences, including paralysis, incontinence, significant residual spasticity, and other side effects. You must choose your SDR surgeon carefully and remember that all SDR surgeries are not created equal. The surgeon you select can have a tremendous impact on your overall outcome, for better or for worse. Take a look at this page for questions you can ask your surgeon.

Yes. All surgery has risks. Research has indicated that the overwhelming majority of patients *do not* regret their SDR (especially when it is performed by an experienced, reputable surgeon), but the satisfaction rate is not 100 percent, particularly among adults. Those with negative experiences tend to be quieter about their situation; often, they feel more comfortable sharing their stories in private groups.

People who pursue SDR as adults are at risk of developing chronic nerve pain, especially if they have SDR in their 40s. Adults in their 40s are also at the highest risk of experiencing sensation loss, and many people (including me) have some degree of sensation loss post-SDR, which can range from a small numb patch (which is what I have) to more significant loss of sensation. Other risks include paralysis, incontinence, and chronic back pain (particularly with multi-level SDR), although these risks are less likely to occur if you pursue SDR with an experienced, reputable surgeon.

People with significant pre-existing orthopedic issues also tend to struggle a lot after SDR. These individuals may not necessarily regret their SDR, but they may find that it doesn’t solve their pain in the way that they had hoped, and their rehab process tends to be harder.

In addition, even in the absence of complications, patients must be willing to fully commit to the post-op rehab in order to get the most out of surgery.

With that said, many patients and families seem to say that their only regret is that they didn’t know about SDR sooner. That’s my only regret as well; I wish I had the opportunity to receive SDR when I was younger … and that’s why this site is here.

No, it isn’t just for people with cerebral palsy. The main other group of people who have pursued SDR are those with a genetic neurological condition called hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) that can sometimes mimic spastic diplegia CP. Dr. Park in St. Louis operated on his first patient with HSP over 30 years ago, and she is still spasticity-free. (This patient had gone her whole life being told she had CP, but years later, her child was born with similar issues. That’s when her diagnosis changed to HSP instead.) Later, he operated on about 30 others with HSP.

More rarely, other surgeons have performed SDR on people with other neurological conditions that involve spasticity, including multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury, ALS, and adulthood stroke (see Gump, Mutchnick, and Moriarty 2013). According to this review, although there weren’t very many cases to evaluate, the results were generally satisfactory. However, it would probably be pretty difficult to find a surgeon willing to perform SDR for people with these conditions.

When someone is a candidate for SDR and they pursue it with a reputable, experienced neurosurgeon, the benefits can be tremendous.

SDR has allowed me to move more freely and more comfortably, strengthen my muscles more effectively, and develop so many new skills.

I love the feeling of being able to relax my body more.

It has also helped my startle; I still jump more easily than most people (this is part of CP, because the brain doesn’t inhibit that reflex as well), but my muscles don’t tense up as much when I do, so it’s much more comfortable.

Also, people with spasticity tend to experience early aging of their muscles and joints because their constant tightness puts a lot of stress on their bodies. SDR can slow or reverse that early aging process to help prevent the effects of CP from becoming more pronounced over time.

(With all this being said, do keep in mind that the results may vary, and that SDR isn’t a magic solution, cure, or “easy fix.” Patients must be willing to commit to intense rehab after surgery, and benefits also depend on age, pre-existing orthopedic issues, the surgeon you choose, etc.)

As a general rule, SDR recovery is more difficult for teens and adults compared to children, for older adults especially. Here are some of the longer-term challenges that teens and adult patients have reported:

• The brain tends to be less neuroplastic (adaptable) with age, so it’s harder for the brain to rewire itself and to break old habits that were developed in the presence of spasticity. SDR is often a journey of patience … especially for adults. ♥
• Some post-SDR teens and adults experience “nerve zaps” in their legs: little needle-pricks of pain in their legs that last for a second or two and come every now and then. Oftentimes there’s no trigger for these needle-pricks, but sometimes people experience increased increased zaps and tingling in their legs after intense exercise or when sick. This has been my experience too; I sometimes get them when I’m sick, and I’ve found that when I really overexercise I sometimes get these zaps intermittently for a few hours later on, as my muscles recover. They aren’t fun, but many of us have found that resting, gentle stretching, and magnesium supplements are helpful until they subside.
• Some people have increased sensitivity in their feet. (For some patients, the opposite is true: pre-SDR, some people say they jumped whenever someone touched their feet, and now that they’re more relaxed, their feet aren’t as jumpy. This is my experience too, although my feet and legs were definitely hypersensitive in the beginning of my recovery; the hypersensitivity resolved gradually for me over the course of a year and a half.)
• Some people have patches of reduced sensation on their legs or feet. This is true even for many who had SDR as a younger adult (I have some numbness), but numbness tends to be more significant for older adults.

The hospital stay and early recovery process may be more difficult for teens and adults as well. See the Hospital Stay tab for some tips and information to help guide you through.

No. That’s why it’s especially important to choose a reputable, experienced surgeon. SDR cannot be undone or redone.

No, SDR is not a cure. I like to think of it as a surgery that can unlock potential: It may allow someone to move more freely, gain new skills, and strengthen muscles more effectively, but they must be committed to the post-surgery rehab. The results also depend on many other factors, including the severity of CP, age, and existing orthopedic issues. I don’t want this website to give false hope.

Also, while it is an excellent treatment option for many patients, there are limitations. It does not address upper body spasticity; some patients report improvements in their upper body after SDR, but this should be considered a happy side effect—it’s not something that you should necessarily expect to gain from surgery. In addition, it does not fix muscle contractures (permanent shortening of the muscle itself), so you may still have some muscle tightness even after your spasticity has been eliminated. That’s why many people have PERCS afterward.

Also, while balance, flexibility, gait, etc. may improve after SDR, most patients still have issues in these areas. SDR addresses spasticity, but it does not fix the actual brain injury that causes CP, so the brain will still have trouble sending signals to the legs, and habits + long-term buildup of orthopedic issues can be tough to deal with even after SDR.

The rate of spasticity recurrence may depend on the individual surgeon, but typically, SDR permanently gets rid of spasticity. If it does come back, it tends to be less severe than before SDR.

People with quadriplegic (whole-body) CP are at greatest risk for recurrent spasticity, but it can happen in diplegics too (particularly diplegics who were born full-term with no brain abnormalities on their MRI; I read that the risk of recurrence in this subgroup is around 1 percent, although I don’t know if this statistic is still accurate.). Recurrence can also happen in a minority of people who had SDR as adults, and no one knows exactly why in any of these cases.

If spasticity does return, I was told it typically occurs within 6 months of surgery, and that even if it returns, it tends to be less severe than before surgery if the person was able to walk independently or with assistance. Sometimes, people with severe quadriplegic CP who cannot walk with assistance have SDR purely for palliative (comfort and hygiene) reasons; these patients  are at risk of full return of their spasticity. The risk of recurrent spasticity appears to be highest in people who are completely non-ambulatory or cannot walk much even with a lot of assistance.

Some people have also noticed a little bit of spasticity return in one muscle group (or it may be spasticity that just wasn’t addressed by SDR, as it can be difficult to completely eliminate it). 

I wish I could give a definite “yes” to this question, but it really depends on your situation. This would be a question to ask your SDR surgeon and other doctors. Some people pursue SDR with the expectation that it will fix their pain and are then disappointed—often teens and adults with pain related to orthopedic issues, not spasticity, and it’s not always easy to tell where that pain is coming from until after SDR. So with that in mind, I don’t want to give false hope.

I definitely had pain relief after surgery, because much of my pain and discomfort was related to my spasticity. I still have CP-related pain some days (sometimes a knee will bother me, sometimes an ankle, etc.), but it tends to resolve more quickly and is much less of a burden compared to before SDR! I’m also hopeful that I’ll have less pain in the future now that I’m living without spasticity; that was a major reason I pursued SDR, and so far, it seems to be the case for me.

• Early aging (including early onset arthritis; a significant proportion of people with spastic CP develop arthritis even in their 20s and 30s)
• Contractures/permanent cellular changes in muscles and tendons
• Bone deformities
• Inability to fully strengthen and stretch muscles
• Chronic pain and discomfort
• Negative changes alignment and posture

In addition, spasticity often negatively affects concentration and sleep—and for me, it seemed to cause anxiety as well. Studies have shown that tension in the body often translates to tension in the mind, and vice versa. Now that my spasticity is gone and my legs can relax, my mind is more relaxed too.

This depends on the surgeon, and sometimes on the individual case. Dr. Park in St. Louis aimed to eliminate spasticity in his patients, so in children and younger adults, he typically cut around 66 percent of the nerve rootlets leading to the lower body. In adults who are in their forties, he often cut a slightly lower percentage of nerve rootlets (~50 percent), because these patients tended to have more difficult recoveries and were at a higher risk of experiencing sensation-related side-effects.

Some surgeons cut 20 to 40 percent of the rootlets. This will likely leave some spasticity behind, and in my opinion, that is problematic. I don’t believe that any spasticity is healthy for the body, especially long-term. When considering a surgeon, always ask what percentage of nerve rootlets they cut.

All surgery is a personal decision that comes with risk, so nobody can say for sure that SDR is worth it for an individual. However, I have mild CP, and SDR was life-changing for me! I firmly believe that no amount of spasticity is healthy. Plenty of people who have even milder CP than me have benefited tremendously from SDR.

Dr. Park (and an increasing number of other surgeons) even operated on candidates who have hemiplegia (i.e., only affected in one leg), and these patients have seen incredible benefits as well.

Someone with mild spasticity and someone with more severe spasticity will have around the same number of nerve rootlets cut, at least in Dr. Park’s version of the procedure. Nearly all of the sensory nerves will be spastic in a person with spastic CP, but only the nerve rootlets that send the most abnormal signals will be cut. During surgery, most SDR surgeons systematically test the nerve rootlets using a machine called an electromyogram (EMG), which records the electrical activity of muscles. The rootlets are ranked from 0 (no abnormal response) to 4 (severely abnormal response). Someone with milder CP (and therefore milder spasticity) will probably have more 1 and 2 responses compared to someone with more severe CP, who might have more 3 and 4 responses. However, in either situation, Dr. Park cut the same percentage of nerve rootlets, keeping the rootlets with the least abnormal responses intact.

The surgeon removes a piece of bone from the spine at the L1 level, which is slightly lower than the middle of the back. This is where a structure called the conus medullaris is. The conus medullaris is where all the nerves meet. As a result, the surgeon can test the nerves for multiple levels of the spinal cord without having to remove lots of bone to access each level of the spinal cord separately.

There will always be some temporary numbness (partially caused by the nerve cutting, partially by the epidural if your surgeon uses one), but this will start to get better after a few days.

In children, my understanding is that the numbness usually resolves completely within several weeks. In teenagers and adults, sometimes it can take up to 2 years for the numbness to go away completely, and they may always have some numb spots.

(Adults who receive SDR in their 30s and 40s are most likely to have some permanent numbness; I had SDR at 23 and have a little bit of reduced sensation in my left thigh, but it’s not nearly as numb as it was right after SDR, and it doesn’t impact my functioning or quality of life. I just don’t feel touch quite as intensely there.)

SDR surgeons leave a portion of the sensory nerve rootlets behind, and as these remaining sensory rootlets learn how to take over for the cut rootlets, sensation returns.

There’s a lot of redundancy in the sensory nerve rootlets, which means there are a lot of nerve rootlets that do the same thing. It’s kind of like if you have a company with 100 postal workers who all send out letters, if you fire 66 percent of those workers, you don’t lose function: the other 33 percent of remaining workers can still send out letters, just like the remaining sensory nerve rootlets can still send signals to the brain about sensation. You just don’t get a ton of letters/overactive signals clogging up the system anymore.

It can, but at the time of this writing, my understanding is that none of Dr. Park’s patients have experienced long-term bladder complications as a result of SDR; at least, as far as I’ve heard, nobody has reported this symptom.

However, this complication has happened in patients who have received SDR from other surgeons; it is a potential risk in every SDR procedure because the sacral nerves (located lowest on the spine) control bladder function. I encountered research mentioning that this complication occurred in 1 percent to 24 percent of patients who pursued SDR with surgeons other than Dr. Park, although this was an older study, so I’m not sure if that statistic is up-to-date. Most of the sacral nerves will be left alone during SDR, but surgeons usually cut some of the higher-up sacral rootlets (S1 and S2) because these rootlets contribute to spasticity in the calves and ankles. When considering a surgeon, always ask about their complication rates and be aware that every surgery has risks.

Some people have bladder issues simply as a result of their CP. After SDR, some of these patients have actually reported improved bladder control.

When a muscle is activated the “normal” way, the brain sends a message down to the motor (ventral) nerves connected to the muscle, and that message tells the muscle to contract.

I think of spasticity as “artificial” muscle activation, because it doesn’t use this pathway. Spasticity doesn’t involve input from the brain. Basically, spasticity is the result of a protective reflex that isn’t shut off properly. When a muscle stretches, the sensory nerves perceive this stretch and send a message to the brain. The brain typically responds by sending a message through the motor nerves to tell them that this stretch is okay (RELAX!). But when that part of the brain has been injured, that RELAX message never gets sent, so the protective reflex doesn’t get shut off. Without proper inhibition from the brain, the spinal nerves tell the muscle to contract in order to protect itself from being overstretched.

That kind of contraction can appear like strength, making someone look stronger than they are. But it isn’t real strength. It’s unhealthy, because it’s essentially random muscle contractions that aren’t coming from the correct channels. The muscle is contracting without input from the brain. That’s why we appear weaker immediately after SDR: That artificial strength is gone, and now we have to learn how to contract our muscles using the “correct” pathways: via a message from the brain to muscle, instead of relying on a reflex gone wrong. After SDR, some of the exercises I thought I was good at were actually really challenging, because I hadn’t been relying on the brain-to-muscle pathway to activate the muscle groups involved; I had been relying on my spasticity, and I didn’t realize it.

I like to think of it like this:

Spasticity and dystonia are different types of abnormal tone, just as an apple and a banana are different types of fruit. SDR takes care of spasticity, but it does not address dystonia, if it is present.

Everyone has some tone in their muscles. When someone has normal tone, it means that their muscles are contracted just a little bit—they aren’t hypotonic (too loose, which would make it harder for them to start a movement), but they aren’t hypertonic either (too tight). One of my professors in college explained normal muscle tone as a runner poised to run a race, and I liked that way of thinking of it…they’re ready to start moving as soon as the whistle blows, just as a muscle with normal tone is a tiny bit contracted and ready to start moving as soon as it receives the command to “go.”

Spasticity is an increase in tone that occurs especially when movements are fast. That’s why when PTs test spasticity, they’ll stretch the leg slowly at first, and then they’ll stretch it quickly. Spastic muscles don’t stretch as well when they’re moved quickly, because that fast movement triggers an increase in tone.

Dystonia is usually caused by damage to an area of the brain called the basal ganglia. When someone has dystonia, their tone goes back and forth between being normal and being too high. Sometimes it might seem like the muscle is twitching, because the muscle contracts in a “random” way, and it can cause sudden, uncontrolled movements that can throw off the person’s balance. While spasticity is triggered by fast movement, there are many different triggers for dystonia – sometimes a certain type of movement triggers it, but specific triggers depend on the person.

Dystonia isn’t very common in spastic CP, but if it is present, spasticity often masks it, so it’s not always easy to tell that it’s there until the spasticity is gone. SDR doesn’t increase dystonia, but with the spasticity gone, dystonia can become more noticeable. Dr. Park’s opinion is that dystonia is overdiagnosed in people with spastic CP—many people are told that they have dystonia when they don’t.

After SDR, even if someone doesn’t have dystonia, they often still deal with issues like overflow/selective motor control issues and tight tendons, and sometimes doctors see these things and say that there’s still tone after SDR.

Overflow occurs when you try to move one muscle group and another muscle group also activates. Everyone has overflow sometimes, even people without CP (think of when you’re concentrating really hard on something and your tongue sticks out, or your fist clenches), but it’s often more of an issue for people with CP because we have trouble activating just one muscle group at a time. Basically, the injured brain doesn’t send all of the right signals to turn ON muscles (excitatory inputs), but it also don’t send enough signals to turn OFF muscles (inhibitory inputs). As a result, sometimes muscles don’t activate enough and sometimes they activate too much. SDR may help with this selective control issue, but it often continues to be an issue to some extent.

Tight tendons occur when there’s shortening of the muscle itself—this is very common in CP, and that’s why so many people need PERCS after SDR. The tendon shortening often happens because of spasticity, growth spurts, or a lack of stretching. People with CP are often prone to tendon shortening because their gait patterns don’t always allow their tendons to receive full range-of-motion.

SDR does not create weakness, but it does uncover weakness that was previously masked by spasticity. Cutting motor nerves would cause weakness or paralysis, but only sensory nerve rootlets are cut during SDR, not motor nerves. As a result, SDR doesn’t reduce the flow of messages going from your brain to your legs.

Once spasticity has been removed, your legs will appear to be weaker than before because the muscles that were spastic have to figure out how to move in new ways. Instead of relying on spasticity to make your muscles contract, you will have to learn how to contract your muscles the “correct” way: by sending messages from your brain to your muscles. If you are a candidate for SDR, with intense post-op rehabilitation, you will have the opportunity to build true strength in muscles that were previously “locked” by spasticity, and you should expect improvements in balance, endurance, and overall ease of movement.

Botox can only be injected into a few different muscles, and it prevents the release of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine so that the targeted muscle is temporarily unable to contract. Although it is temporary, some practitioners like to pair it with an intense stretching regimen to take advantage of the window of reduced spasticity, in the hopes that patients will maintain an increased range of motion even after their injections have worn off. In contrast to Botox, SDR removes all (or nearly all) of the spasticity from every muscle in the lower body—not just a select few, and not temporarily—so the results are much more dramatic than what you’d see with Botox. Some research also shows that repeated Botox injections can cause permanent muscle weakness.

Phenol is a neurolytic agent; that means that it’s injected into a spastic nerve and it causes damage to the nerve fibers, which temporarily interferes with nerve signaling. Some research has also found that phenol is damaging to nerves and muscle tissue, and like Botox, it is a toxic substance. Ethanol is another alcohol that is sometimes injected into nerves to slow signaling, and this is what people are typically referring to when they say “alcohol blocks.” I’ve read that it’s not quite as toxic as phenol, but the principle is similar. It can still cause muscle damage, and its effects on spasticity are temporary and can only be targeted to certain muscle groups.

Baclofen pump surgery involves implanting a device that delivers a continuous infusion of an anti-spasticity medication directly into the spinal fluid. Some patients opt for this procedure over taking oral baclofen because high doses of oral baclofen can cause a lot of tiredness and other unwanted side effects. The delivery of the medication directly to the spinal fluid minimizes the amount of drug that is needed because it’s administered exactly where it needs to go. Some people have received SDR after getting a baclofen pump; prior to surgery, they must wean down their medication, because muscle relaxers could falsify the responses of spastic nerves during the nerve testing that takes place during SDR. Patients with a baclofen pump can usually have it removed at the same time as their SDR procedure.

Everyone has different opinions, situations, and experiences (again, check with your doctor; the best treatment for one person may not be the best treatment for another, and vice versa)!), but here is why I opted for SDR instead of a pump:

• The pump does not remove all spasticity. SDR can, and even when SDR doesn’t completely eliminate spasticity, it seems to be much more effective than the pump in many cases. (Note, however, that the pump may be a better option for some people with severe CP, as people with severe, non-ambulatory CP are at a greater risk of spasticity recurrence after SDR.)
• Like all medications, baclofen can have side effects. These effects aren’t as pronounced when it’s administered via the pump instead of through oral medication, but they are still an issue for many people.
• Baclofen pumps typically need to be replaced every 3 to 5 years or so.
• Patients need to go every 3 months or so to get the pump refilled.
• There’s a pretty high complication rate for baclofen pumps. Infection, blockages, displacement of the pump, and other pump malfunctions can occur. These can require further surgeries or pump removal and may even be life-threatening in some instances, as severe withdrawal can be fatal.
• Some studies have found that baclofen infusion is associated with muscle weakness over time.

This isn’t to say that baclofen pumps are all bad. Many patients have found them to be helpful. But as with any surgical procedure, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons.

While SDR, Botox, and baclofen pumps work at a neurological level, lengthening surgeries (e.g., PERCS, traditional lengthenings, SPML) are purely orthopedic. These surgeries involve lengthening tight tendons, muscles, or fascia. They don’t directly address spasticity, so if they’re performed on somebody who still has underlying spasticity, those constant muscle spasms often undo some of the effects of the surgery. Some studies have found that there is a higher rate of orthopedic surgeries (and repeat lengthenings) in people who have spasticity, likely for that reason. In my opinion, it is generally preferable to pursue SDR before pursuing a lengthening surgery, because SDR can reduce the amount of lengthening that is needed and reduce the risk of needing repeat lengthenings. Repeat lengthenings are problematic because every time a tendon is cut, some weakness is created.

With that being said, I do think that orthopedic surgeries can indirectly impact spasticity levels. Orthopedic surgeries don’t affect spasticity at a neural level—spastic nerves still send the same abnormal signals as before orthopedic surgery—but it makes sense to me that a tighter muscle would trigger the spasticity/stretch reflex more easily, and a looser muscle would be able to stretch further before setting off spasticity. Likely for that reason, some studies have found decreased Ashworth (spasticity) scores after lengthening procedures. A decrease is not the same as elimination, though. Muscles will still tighten up over time, causing pain and deterioration in abilities, so I still believe it’s best to tackle spasticity at its root cause.

That’s strange, isn’t it? SDR doesn’t involve cutting any nerves that correspond with the upper body, but some patients who have upper-body spasticity end up with improved functioning in their arms and hands!

The reason behind this isn’t fully clear, and it’s not a guarantee that upper-extremity function will improve (do not pursue SDR for this reason alone!!!), but this three-patient case study from 2005 provides some insight. Before and after SDR, Dr. Park and his colleagues examined the activity in an area of the brain called the somatosensory cortex, which receives information about sensation. All three patients had diplegia (i.e., legs primarily affected by CP), but one of the patients also had some upper-extremity involvement. In this patient, the somatosensory area of the brain had reorganized itself after SDR: “hand sensory representation was markedly enhanced.” In other words, this suggests that the brain now received more information about the patient’s hands!

The other two patients did not have hand involvement, and their brains responded differently: the hand sensory areas didn’t activate as much after SDR. Dr. Park and his colleagues speculate that this reduced activation may have occurred because spasticity requires extra energy and attention. Once it has been eliminated, the brain can relax a bit—it doesn’t have to focus quite as much.

That’s a very small study, so more research would definitely need to be done to confirm, but its findings are consistent with my personal experiences too. Overall, my hands are not affected by my CP, and SDR hasn’t directly affected their functioning. However, now that my legs can relax, my hands relax more too. I have less overflow tone, so my hands cooperate better. And many of my SDR friends who do have upper-body involvement woke up to discover that their hands functioned better immediately after surgery, though sometimes those improvements have not been permanent and the spasticity returned in their upper body.

Sometimes, people report other improvements as well, such as improvements in speech, swallowing, and cognitive abilities/concentration, likely for similar reasons.